CHAPTER 4: PRINCIPLE CATEGORIES OF ENERGY EXPRESSION

NOTE:  REMEMBER THAT FOOTNOTES AND TABLES ARE SHOWN AT http://www.freedomexercises.org

Moving along, I will now discuss each of the twelve major levels of energy using the tetrad format; beginning with the lowest vibratory energy, the dispersed.

The Dispersed Energies

The dispersed forms of energy, levels E12, E8, E4, occupy the lowest level of each energy tetrad. Relative to higher levels, the dispersed energies are dissipated, disordered and chaotic.

For example, the simplest and lowest of the dispersed energies, E12, is heat. Heat energy resides within everything existing in the universe–the earth, the ocean, the air, within cellular life, in the sun. Degrees of heat are quantified through a state variable called temperature which is currently represented by a scale defined by the freezing and boiling points of pure water. The temperature has a direct correlation with the degree of random, molecular motion of molecules contained within the system. In a system at thermal equilibrium, heat has no inherent direction. It has no form or pattern of its own.

Associated with this energy are such laws as the first and second law of thermodynamics for closed systems transferring heat and work; teaching that in every physical exchange of energy, the work function of the system must be negative for the process to potentially occur, ie

dA < dE – TdS – SdT                                      (15)

where dA is the change in the Helmholtz free energy, dE is the change in system energy, T is temperature, S is entropy and dS and dT are differential quantities defining changes in the process. In other words, non-animate systems intrinsically move towards and maintain an equilibrium state in which system energy is minimized and entropy or uniformity is maximal.

As noted previously, the variable allowing for the diversity of forces we see in the physical world is temperature. In fact, the best evidence supporting a distinct beginning for our universe, as taught by the ancient Egyptians, Sumerians and Indus Valley residents, is found within the heat energy streaming towards us from deep space. In 1965, two Bell Laboratory radio astronomers, Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias, detected a uniform, residual microwave background in the sky no matter where they looked. This radiation acted as a near perfect black-body radiator having a temperature of 2.726 degrees Kelvin.1 The extreme isotropy of this radiation suggested it came from the depths of the visible universe and represented the fossilized remains of the primitive fireball known as the ‘big bang’. This radiation field had been predicted in 1948, by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman (see Figure 16).

❁❁❁❁❁❁❁❁❁
Figure 16
Spectrum of the Cosmic Background
❁❁❁❁❁❁❁❁❁

Later investigations of the microwave background by the COBE mapping project found minor spatial variations in the background co-existent with places within the universe where matter had began to clump together at the earliest moments of creation. Both of these discoveries are consistent with the Big Bang theory.

The current low temperature for the universe can only be explained by the expansion of the universe from an infinitesimally small fireball (at the Planck moment the universe was no bigger than 4 x 10**-33 centimeters, had a temperature of 10**32 degrees Kelvin with a mass no more than a grain of sand) to an isotropic sphere of over 16 billion light-years in radius. In a sense, the totality of the universe can be likened to the adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas (point-like particles without appreciable inter-particle interactions). In an adiabatic expansion there is no heat transfer out of the system such that the first law of thermodynamics says,

dE = -dW = -pdV = Cv                                       (16)

where W equals work the system does on the surroundings, p equals pressure and is give by RT/v for an ideal gas (R is the ideal gas constant and T is temperature) and Cv is the heat capacity for an ideal gas.

Rearranging equation (16) and substituting RT/v for p gives a relationship for the temperature of the ideal gas as the volume expands,

T end = T start x (V start/V end)**a              (17)

where a equals R/CV (usually about 1/3 for real gases)